Antibacterial and Anti-Quorum Sensing activity of ripe jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) rag and peel ethanolic extracts against Salmonella sp. and Streptococcus sp.

Abstract

Fruit waste, particularly peels and other residues, is often discarded in large quantities. Approximately 60% of the jackfruit is discarded, including the inedible parts like the peels, seeds, rags and other components, contributing to environmental problems such as bio-waste accumulation and water pollution. This study assessed the antibacterial efficacy and anti-quorum sensing potential of ethanolic extracts from rag and peel of jackfruit, <i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i> against <i>Salmonella sp.</i> and <i>Streptococcus sp.,</i> which are common pathogenic microorganisms that pose a serious threat to the poultry sector. Antibacterial activities of both extracts were evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Results show that ethanolic extracts from the <i>A. heterophyllus</i> rag and peel inhibited the growth of <i>Salmonella sp.,</i> and <i>Streptococcus sp.</i>. All concentrations of extracts that were tested resulted in zones of inhibition ranging from 16 to 32 mm in diameter. The ethanolic extract from the peel showed significantly stronger antibacterial activity compared to rag, with inhibition zones of 27.33±0.67 mm against <i>Streptococcus sp.</i> and 32.33±0.67 mm against <i>Salmonella sp.</i>. Results from the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) revealed that antibacterial and bactericidal effects of both extracts were concentration-dependent, with the jackfruit peel extract showing superior efficacy compared to the rag extract. In addition to antibacterial activity, the anti-quorum sensing potential of the extracts was also assessed using the swarming motility assay. All concentrations of the rag extract exhibited significant anti-quorum sensing effects, while only 100% concentration of the peel extract exhibited such activity. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and glycosides in A. <i>heterophyllus</i> rag and peel ethanolic extracts. As a whole, ethanolic extracts of A. <i>heterophyllus</i> rag and peel contain bioactive compounds that possess a significant antibacterial activity and anti-quorum sensing potential against <i>Streptococcus sp.</i> and <i>Salmonella sp.</i> These substances may have potential applications in the health management of poultry and maybe other domestic animals as well.