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The efficacy of mosquito repellent lotion from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract on New Zealand albino rabbit
(2020)
Mosquito-borne diseases are spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Diseases that are spread people by mosquitoes include Chikungunya, Malaria, and Dengue. One way to control mosquito bites is by using mosquito repellent from a natural source. Pomelo (Citrus maxima) has major active constituent limonene, occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In this study, the researchers extracted essential oil from Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel and used a water-steam distillation method. The formulation and 50% lotion formulation. Pomelo peel oils have that specific aroma that can be used: as a mosquito lotion repellent. Triethanolamine is a pH stabilizer/ neutralizer for the skin and oleic acid serves as a moisturizer when rubbed to the skin. Iodine test; was used for testing the presence of limonene and other unsaturated compounds in the clear Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extracted by water-steam distillation. Mosquito larvae for the repellency testing were collected from stagnant waters. They were put into different containers provided with a mosquito net bonded on top, where it was left to develop into an adult mosquito. The adult mosquito, placed in the container were placed inside the cage where repellency testing will be performed. New Zealand white rabbits were used as a test subject for this study. The rabbit's skin is shaved and divided into four (4) quadrants and were placed in separate cages together with the trapped adult mosquitoes. Quadrant A (Positive Control Off lotion), Quadrant B (Negative Control Lotion base), Quadrant C (75% concentration Lotion formulation), Quadrant D (50% concentration Lotion formulation) were applied on the rabbits shaved skin. The rabbits were then exposed to mosquitoes by removing the mosquito net bonded using a thread for fourteen hours and was check every two hours (2) for mosquito bites. The gathered data and results showed only one (1) to two (2) mosquito landings and bites on the tested area....
Acute dermal toxicity of pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel lotion as mosquito repellent on rabbits
(2020)
The study was designed to determine the acute dermal toxicity of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel lotion as mosquito repellent on rabbits. Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel essential oil showed a high repellency effect with an increase concentration. The study used formulated lotion of the extracted essential oil of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel and was applied on the rabbits’ shaved skins for the determination of the acute dermal toxicity. The experiment was carried out using 2 males and 2 females albino white rabbits. The tests used were patch test and scratch test to determine the formation of erythema and edema of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel mosquito repellent lotion on rabbits using skin reaction scores and will be interpreted using Primary Irritation Index (PII). As for the results, since the lotion contained extracts of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel, it exhibits no irritation for both male and female rabbits. Therefore, formulated Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel mosquito repellent lotion containing 50% and 75% have potential to the use as a safe alternative mosquito repellent....
Acute dermal toxicity of pomelo (Citrus maxima) essential oil extract as spray in rabbits
(2020)
It is a known fact that mosquitoes carry many deadly diseases, and the continued increase of their numbers is considered a threat to humanity. The search for an efficient way of preventing mosquito bites has been a priority to the country. In this study the Pomelo (Citrus maxima), one of the largest citrus fruits from the family Rutaceae in 100% of peel extract concentration is as effective as the common commercial mosquito repellent in repelling mosquitoes. The effect of different treatments repelling mosquitoes is highly significant according to research findings. This study aimed to determine the acute dermal toxicity of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract as essential oil spray mosquito repellent on rabbits. Four rabbits were utilized in this study, two rabbits for the Patch test and also two rabbits for the Scratch test. Both composed of one male and one female. The fur was removed from the dorsal area of the trunk of the test animal by clipping or shaving. The fruit extract is reported to possess a variety of pharmacological benefits including antioxidant, antimicrobial anti-obesity, and antidiabetic properties. The fruit juice is reported to contain several flavonoids hence showing high antioxidant activity. However, no study of its toxic effect has been ignited. This study therefore is aimed to evaluate the acute dermal toxicity effect of the Pomelo essential oil as mosquito repellant formulated in to spray using the Draize test scaling....
Acute dermal toxicity of pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract gel as mosquito repellent on rabbits
(2020)
In this study, the Pomelo (Citrus maxima) is one of the largest citrus fruits from the family Rutaceae. It is quite similar to grapefruit and it is one of the original species that is not hybridized. It is done to determine the acute dermal toxicity of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract as gel mosquito repellent on rabbits. Four rabbits were utilized in this study, two rabbits for the Patch test and also two rabbits for the Scratch test. Both composed of one male and one female. The fur was removed from the dorsal area of the trunk of the test animal by clipping or shaving. The materials that were used in this study was a negative gel-based and a positive gel base. The positive gel base contains an active ingredient which is the Pomelo peel extract. Results were obtained after 24 hours and 72 hours, graded through erythema and edema reaction. The study has found out that there was no acute dermal toxicity of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract gel as mosquito repellent on rabbits. The results of this study would provide information about the dermal toxicity of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract gel as mosquito repellent on rabbits. Additionally, this study will provide relevant information for future studies regarding Pomelo (Citrus maxima)....
The efficacy of essential oil extract from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel as mosquito repellent in New Zealand albino rabbit
(2020)
Pomelo (Citrus maxima) has a major active constituent, Limonene; it occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In this study, the researchers extracted essential oil from Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel and used the water distillation method. The researchers formulated it into two concentrations, pure 100% essential oil and 75% essential oil diluted in 25% olive oil. Olive oil is highly compatible with the acidity of the skin; it is rich in squalene, phytostero, and tocopherol. Mosquito larvae for the repellency testing were collected from stagnant waters and they were put into different containers provided with a mosquito net or screen bonded on top, where it was left to develop into adult mosquitoes. New Zealand Albino rabbits were used as test subjects for this research, where the rabbit’s skin was shaved and divided into four (4) quadrants and were placed in separate cages together with the trapped adult mosquitoes. Quadrant A (100% Pomelo (Citrus maxima) essential oil), Quadrant B (Positive control Pure Citronella essential oil), Quadrant C (75% Pomelo (Citrus maxima) essential oil), and Quadrant D (Negative control Mineral oil) were applied on the rabbit’s shaved skin. The rabbits were then exposed to mosquitoes by removing the mosquito net bonded using a thread for fourteen (14) hours and was checked every two (2) hours for mosquito bites. The gathered data and results only one (1) to zero (0) mosquito landings and bites on the tested area....
Efficacy of various gel formulations from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract as mosquito repellent in New Zealand albino rabbits
(2020)
Most citrus plants have repellent activity for mosquitoes that can help the community decrease dengue. The limonene which was the active constituent was extracted from the pomelo peel and was proved useful in developing ...
Acute dermal toxicity of pomelo (Citrus maxima) essential oil extract as mosquito repellant on rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
(2020)
This study was designed for the purpose of evaluating acute dermal toxicity of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel essential oil extract which is known for its possible mosquito repellency in human and animals. This followed the limited availability of information regarding dermal toxicity of this citrus plant in Western Visayas (Region VI) despite the growing practice of utilizing the fruit peel essential oil as mosquito repellant. The fruit peel was subjected to steam distillation extraction process using aqueous solvent. All test animals were obtained from a New Zealand white rabbit breeder. Thus, acute dermal toxicity tests were conducted in healthy rabbits using the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines. Irritation indices a 00 result, thus according to Draize these are considered as no occurrence of erythema and edema since none of them could reach PII of 5. On the other hand, findings from acute dermal toxicity tests showed no any overt signs of toxicity after 72 hours of treatment. Findings from this study have shown that, extracts from the peel of C. maxima exhibit acute dermal toxicity effects. The findings therefore suggests that essential oil extracts from the peel of C. maxima under its use as mosquito repellant applied on skin of rabbits do not cause any adverse effects externally....
The efficacy of mosquito repellent spray from pomelo peel extract on New Zealand albino rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
(2020)
Pomelo (Citrus maxima) shows a great mosquito repellent activity due to its major active constituent, Limonene. In this study, the researchers formulate mosquito repellent spray from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract in two concentrations (100% and 75%). Water distillation was used in extracting Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel oil. 100% pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract mosquito repellent spray contains pure essential oil. Coconut oil was used to dilute 75% pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract mosquito repellent spray formulation. Mosquito larvae for the repellency testing were collected from stagnant waters and were put in different containers provided with a small screen bond on top, where it was left to develop into pupae and become adult mosquitoes. The test subjects used in the repellency testing were rabbits, where the rabbit’s skin was shaved and divided into four (4) quadrants. The formulated concentration, together with the positive control (no touch mosquito repellent spray) and negative control (mineral oil) were applied on different quadrants on the rabbit’s shaved skin. The rabbits were then exposed to mosquitoes for fourteen (14) hours and were checked every 2 hours for mosquito bites. The gathered data and results showed that there were only one to none mosquito landings and mosquito bites on the tested area. The data analyzed and compared using ANOVA showed a significant difference existed in the repellency activities of 100% formulation and 75% formulation of pomelo peel spray to Positive control (No touch mosquito repellent spray) and Negative control (Mineral oil)....